Technical Manual for Pollution Prevention and Control in Livestock and Poultry Farming

With the large-scale development of animal husbandry, the problems of livestock and poultry manure and odor pollution have become prominent. In order to promote pollution control and resource recycling, the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region has compiled this technical manual, which covers four core technologies: manure returning to the field, solid-liquid manure treatment, and odor reduction. It provides scientific and practical solutions for breeding farms and helps promote green and sustainable agricultural development.
Technology 1: Utilization of Livestock Farm Manure Returning to the Field
With the rapid development of large-scale and intensive aquaculture, the feces and wastewater generated by farms have become important issues for environmental protection. Scientifically and efficiently treating these manure and returning them to the field for utilization can not only solve environmental problems, but also improve soil fertility and promote green agricultural development. This technology is a specific operation method for the treatment of compound bacterial strains and the return of solid manure and liquid manure to the field in aquaculture farms. 1、 The difference between solid manure and liquid manure returning to the field (1) Physical form and treatment method Solid manure: mainly refers to solid manure from breeding farms, usually obtained through dry cleaning and dry wet separation technology. Solid manure contains high levels of organic matter and nutrients, but returning it directly to the field may carry bacteria and parasite eggs, and requires harmless treatment.
Liquid manure: refers to aquaculture wastewater, which contains a large amount of harmful components such as organic matter and ammonia nitrogen. Liquid manure has strong fluidity and is easy to spread. If discharged directly without treatment, it will cause serious pollution to water bodies. （2） Solid manure is required for pre-treatment before returning to the field: it needs to undergo composting and fermentation treatment, using composite bacterial products to decompose organic matter, kill bacteria and parasitic eggs, and achieve harmless treatment.
Liquid manure: It is necessary to use biodegradation technology to decompose harmful components in wastewater using composite bacterial products, reduce COD and ammonia nitrogen content, and achieve harmless treatment. （3） Method and timing of returning farmland: Solid manure is usually applied as base fertilizer to the soil, and the timing of fertilization is often before crop sowing or in the early stages of growth.
Liquid manure: can be used as topdressing to irrigate crops during their growth process, but attention should be paid to the amount and frequency of irrigation to avoid soil salinization. 2、 The method of returning solid manure to the field (1) Activation of bacterial strains: Using composite bacterial strains such as "multifunctional manure water manure rapid deodorization fermentation agent", dissolve the bacterial strains with food grade brown sugar (sugar content ≥ 95%) in about 20 kilograms of 35 ℃ water, seal and activate for more than 24 hours to make activated bacterial strains. The activated strain should be used up within 15 days. （2） Composting fermentation will activate bacterial strains to be sprayed layer by layer onto the separated dry and wet manure pile, with a height generally not exceeding 1.5 meters and a width not exceeding 2 meters.
During the fermentation process, the internal temperature can reach around 60 ℃, and it is necessary to flip it in a timely manner to ensure uniform fermentation. The recommended flipping frequency is once on the second and fifth day of fermentation, ensuring that the temperature of all parts of the heap reaches 60 ℃ or above, and the cumulative duration of high temperature is not less than 72 hours.
After sufficient maturation and fermentation, pig manure can be converted into black brown Organic Fertilizer, which has good fertilizer and deodorizing effects. （3） Returning to the field and utilizing fermented organic fertilizer can be used for fertilization in farmland, as a base fertilizer applied to the soil to improve soil fertility.
The amount of fertilizer should be determined based on soil fertility and crop needs to avoid excessive fertilization leading to soil pollution. 3、 The method of returning liquid manure to the field (1): Add bacterial strains at a ratio of 1 kilogram of activated bacterial strains per cubic meter of water to be treated, and evenly sprinkle the activated bacterial strains onto the aquaculture wastewater.
If the odor does not decrease after 48 hours, you can sprinkle it again, up to a maximum of 3 times. （2） Beneficial microorganisms in biodegradable composite strains rapidly proliferate under suitable conditions, decompose organic matter in wastewater, and reduce COD and ammonia nitrogen content.
After sufficient fermentation and maturation, the wastewater can meet the requirements for direct irrigation (without burning the seedlings). （3） The treated wastewater from returning to the field can be used for irrigation in farmland, and can be used as topdressing for timely irrigation during crop growth.
Before irrigation, the quality of wastewater should be tested to ensure compliance with irrigation water standards and avoid adverse effects on soil and crops. The irrigation amount and frequency should be adjusted reasonably according to crop needs and soil conditions to avoid soil salinization and nutrient loss.
The utilization of manure from livestock farms is an important way to solve environmental problems and promote green agricultural development. By scientifically processing solid and liquid manure, not only can the resource utilization of manure be achieved, but soil fertility can also be improved, and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides can be reduced. Livestock farms should actively introduce and apply composite bacterial treatment technology to promote environmental protection and sustainable agricultural development.
Technology 2: Solid manure collection, composting, and fermentation technology for livestock farms
1、 Why do animal manure from breeding farms need to be fermented before being returned to the field? The treatment of animal manure is an important step, especially solid manure such as pig manure. Directly returning untreated animal manure to the field can bring many problems, including the following:
1. Risk of pathogen transmission: Untreated animal feces may contain a large amount of pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, parasite eggs, etc. These pathogens, when directly applied to farmland, may spread to humans and other organisms through soil, water sources, and other pathways, posing a threat to health.
2. Soil pollution: Harmful substances such as heavy metals and antibiotic residues in animal feces, when directly applied to the soil for a long time, can cause pollution and affect soil quality and crop growth.
3. Inhibition of plant growth: Unfermented feces contain high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and organic acids, which have toxic effects on plant roots and may inhibit plant growth and development.
4. Environmental pollution: The feces directly returned to the field will produce a large amount of odorous gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide during the decomposition process, causing pollution to the surrounding environment and affecting the quality of life of residents.
5. Nutrient loss: Nutrients in unfermented feces are released slowly, making it difficult for plants to effectively absorb and utilize them, resulting in nutrient waste.
Therefore, after fermentation treatment of animal feces (in accordance with the hygiene requirements for harmless treatment of feces in GB7959), returning them to the field can not only effectively kill pathogens and reduce environmental pollution, but also improve soil fertility and crop yield, achieve resource recycling and sustainable agricultural development. 2、 There are two main ways to collect solid manure from livestock farms: dry cleaning and solid-liquid separation. 1. Dry cleaning refers to the method of manually or mechanically separating and collecting solid feces from liquid parts such as urine and flushing water in a breeding farm. This method collects feces with lower moisture content, making it easier for subsequent transportation and storage. The advantage of dry cleaning of feces is that it can reduce the amount of water required for subsequent treatment, lower treatment costs, and collect feces with high fertilizer efficiency. However, dry cleaning requires a significant amount of manpower and equipment, and environmental issues such as dust may arise during the operation process. 2. Solid liquid separation refers to the physical separation of solid feces and liquid parts in a breeding farm using equipment such as a wet dry separator. This method divides feces into two parts: dry feces and fecal water through mechanical action. Dry feces have low water content and are easy to transport and store; Fecal water contains organic matter and microorganisms, and has high potential for fertilizer efficiency. The advantage of solid-liquid separation is that it can significantly reduce the volume of feces, lower processing costs, and improve the utilization rate of feces. The separated dry manure and manure water can be separately fermented and converted into organic fertilizer resources. 3、 The heap fermentation technology of solid manure is the process of fermenting collected solid manure through microbial action, converting it into odorless and nutrient rich organic fertilizer. The following are the main technical points of solid-state manure heap fermentation: (1) Activation of bacterial strains Before fermentation, the fermentation bacterial strains need to be activated first. Taking commonly used products in the market such as "high heat decomposed bacteria" or "multifunctional fecal water and fecal rapid deodorization fermentation agent" as an example, mix a package of fermentation agent with an appropriate amount of food grade brown sugar (sugar content ≥ 95%) and water, and simply seal it in a plastic container for activation for more than 24 hours for later use. The activated bacterial strains need to be used up within a certain period of time to ensure their activity. （2） Preparation and mixing of raw materials: Evenly sprinkle the activated bacterial solution into the prepared solid feces, and leave a small amount of bacterial strain mixed with water before sprinkling it on the upper layer of the entire material pile. In order to regulate the moisture content and breathability of feces, some auxiliary materials such as bacterial bran, straw, etc. can be added to keep the moisture content between 55% and 60%, so as to achieve the fastest fermentation speed. （3） Heap fermentation forms mixed feces into strips 1-1.5 meters wide for fermentation. The material pile is simply covered but does not need to be sealed, and attention should be paid to avoiding rain. During the fermentation process, the internal temperature of the feces will gradually increase. Generally, after 1-2 days of fermentation, the internal temperature can reach around 60 ℃. At this time, it is necessary to flip it once, wait for a second heating, and then flip it again when it reaches about 60 ℃, repeating several times. Wait until the material no longer heats up, and the final temperature is around 40 ℃, with a moisture content of about 30%, and it will be completely decomposed. The odor significantly decreases after about 3 days of fermentation, and the specific time for fermentation and maturation depends on the climate environment and the type of fermenting agent. （4） During the fermentation process, it is necessary to regularly check the temperature, humidity, and odor indicators of the material pile and adjust the fermentation conditions in a timely manner. At the same time, attention should be paid to avoiding water accumulation or excessive drying in the material pile to ensure fermentation efficiency. In addition, some trace elements or biological agents can be added as needed to improve the quality and efficiency of organic fertilizers. （5） The fermented solid manure organic fertilizer is rich in organic matter and various nutrients, and can be directly applied to farmland as a base fertilizer. After application, it can improve soil fertility, enhance soil structure, promote crop growth, and increase crop yield and quality. Meanwhile, due to the elimination of most pathogenic microorganisms and harmful substances such as parasite eggs during the fermentation process, it is safer and more reliable to apply.
Through the above heap fermentation technology, livestock farms can convert solid manure into high-quality organic fertilizer resources, achieving resource recycling and sustainable agricultural development.

Technology 3: Collection, composting and fermentation technology for liquid manure in aquaculture farms
1、 Liquid manure from livestock farms is a better organic fertilizer and a more difficult environmental issue to deal with. In today's rapidly developing livestock industry, liquid manure, as one of the main wastes from livestock farms, has become a key factor in environmental protection and sustainable agricultural development through its treatment and utilization. Compared to solid manure, liquid manure is rich in essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for plant growth, making it a high-quality organic fertilizer raw material.
However, the treatment of liquid manure also faces many challenges, such as high water content, easy generation of odors, high risk of disease transmission, and high treatment costs. Therefore, how to effectively collect and treat liquid manure, and convert it into valuable organic fertilizer, is an urgent problem to be solved in the current aquaculture industry. 2、 There are three sources of liquid manure in aquaculture farms: 1. Animal urine and flushing of enclosures. During the breeding process, animal urine and wastewater generated from flushing enclosures are the main sources of liquid manure. These wastewater contain a large amount of organic matter and nutrients, and if discharged directly, it will cause serious pollution to the environment. 2. After solid-liquid separation, many farms use solid-liquid separation technology to treat manure, in order to reduce the difficulty and cost of subsequent treatment. However, the separated liquid portion still contains a high concentration of organic matter and requires further processing to meet emission standards or resource utilization. 3. Biogas engineering is one of the common methods for treating manure in aquaculture farms, which produces biogas through anaerobic fermentation and also produces biogas slurry. Biogas slurry contains abundant nutrients and microorganisms, making it a high-quality liquid organic fertilizer raw material. However, it also requires appropriate treatment to be safely returned to the field. 3、 Microbial rapid composting and fermentation technology for liquid manure provides an effective solution to the treatment problem of liquid manure. This technology accelerates the decomposition process of organic matter in manure by adding specific microbial strains (in accordance with the requirements of GB20287 Agricultural Microbial Agents), converting them into fertilizers beneficial to crops. （1） The selection and use of fermentation agents. Choosing microbial fermentation agents with high decomposition ability is crucial. These fermentation agents typically contain a variety of beneficial microorganisms such as Bacillus, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, as well as complex enzymes such as cellulases and hemicellulases. When using, it is necessary to mix the fermentation agent with water according to the instructions (it is recommended to add food grade brown sugar to promote bacterial activation) to make an active bacterial solution, and then evenly sprinkle it onto the liquid manure. （2） During the fermentation process, it is necessary to control the temperature, humidity, and ventilation conditions. Generally speaking, during the initial stage of fermentation, it is necessary to maintain a certain level of humidity and ventilation to promote microbial reproduction and metabolic activity. As fermentation progresses, the organic matter in the manure gradually decomposes, producing heat and gas. At this time, the ventilation rate should be appropriately reduced to avoid nutrient loss. The specific fermentation time depends on the concentration of feces and the type of fermenting agent. （3） After fermentation is completed, it is necessary to test the liquid organic fertilizer to ensure that its pH value, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content, and other indicators meet the safety standards for use. At the same time, by observing changes in the color, odor, and other characteristics of feces, the fermentation effect can also be preliminarily judged. 4、 The technology of returning fermented liquid organic fertilizer to the field can not only reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and lower agricultural production costs, but also improve soil structure, increase crop yield and quality. （1） Before returning to the field, it is necessary to dilute the liquid organic fertilizer (for fertilizer tolerant crops such as sugarcane and rice in Guangxi, the recommended dilution ratio is 1:5-1:8; for sensitive crops such as vegetables, the dilution ratio should be above 1:10) to reduce its concentration and salt content and avoid damage to crops. Meanwhile, based on the growth needs of crops and soil conditions, determine the appropriate amount and timing of fertilization. （2） The liquid organic fertilizer can be returned to the field through methods such as pipeline irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation. Among them, pipeline irrigation and sprinkler irrigation are suitable for large-scale farmland, while drip irrigation is more suitable for facility agriculture and orchards. During the process of returning farmland, it is necessary to pay attention to uniform fertilization to avoid the phenomenon of burning roots and seedlings due to excessive local concentration. （3） After returning farmland, it is necessary to strengthen field management, timely irrigation and drainage, and maintain soil moisture. At the same time, closely observe the growth of crops, adjust the amount of fertilizer and irrigation in a timely manner, and ensure the healthy growth of crops.
In summary, the collection, composting, and fermentation technology for liquid manure in aquaculture farms is an environmentally friendly and efficient method of manure treatment. By selecting and using microbial fermentation agents reasonably, strengthening fermentation process management, and applying field return technology, the resource utilization of liquid manure and sustainable agricultural development can be achieved.
Technology 4: Control and Reduction of Odor in Livestock Farms
1、 The hazards of livestock farm odors to animals and humans, as well as their impact on the surrounding environment (1) The hazards to animals in livestock farms mainly come from animal feces, urine, feed residues, digestive system excreta, sewage and wastewater, as well as garbage and dead objects. These odors contain a large amount of harmful gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, which have a serious impact on the physiology and behavior of animals. Long term exposure to odorous environments can lead to problems such as loss of appetite, slow growth, and weakened immunity in animals, which can trigger various diseases such as frequent coughing and wheezing, persistent illness, and even death, seriously affecting the efficiency of aquaculture. （2） The harm to humans: Long term exposure to the foul odor environment of aquaculture farms can easily lead to symptoms such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, eye diseases, and respiratory infections. In severe cases, it may cause health problems such as chronic respiratory diseases and pulmonary dysfunction, posing a serious threat to human physical health. （3） The impact on the surrounding environment: The foul odor from the breeding farm will spread to the surrounding environment, causing pollution to the surrounding residents and ecological environment. Long term exposure to odorous environments can significantly reduce the quality of life of surrounding residents and may even trigger social conflicts. In addition, odors may also cause pollution to surrounding natural resources such as soil and water sources, disrupting ecological balance. 2、 Application of Biological Deodorizing Disinfectants for Rapid Control of Odor in Livestock Farms (Part 1) Spraying biological deodorizing disinfectants inside and outside livestock farms can effectively decompose odor molecules and reduce the emission of harmful gases such as ammonia. This disinfectant is usually made from natural ingredients and is safe and harmless to animals and the environment. Regular spraying can significantly improve the fence environment and provide good growth conditions. If compound probiotics (such as pig specific compound probiotics sold in the market) are added to the feed simultaneously, the effect will be more significant. （2） The use of biological treatment agents for aquaculture wastewater, such as biological treatment agents for aquaculture wastewater, can accelerate the decomposition of organic matter in wastewater, reduce harmful substances in wastewater, and reduce the odor of wastewater. This method is low-cost, easy to operate, and has significant effects. By regularly adding biological treatment agents, it is possible to ensure effective treatment of aquaculture wastewater and reduce environmental pollution. （3） The application of microbial technology in the treatment of dead animals can accelerate the decomposition rate and reduce the production of foul odors. By adding professional microbial strains such as harmless biological treatment agents for dead animals, the decomposition process of dead animals can be accelerated while reducing pollution to the surrounding environment. The decomposed products can also be used as organic fertilizers to achieve resource recycling. 3、 Microbial feed is currently a better source of odor reduction solution. (1) Why can microorganisms (probiotics) reduce odor production? Microorganisms (probiotics) can decompose complex organic matter in animal intestines, improving the digestion and absorption rate of feed. Probiotics can reduce odor production by reducing the retention time of undigested feed residues in the intestine. In addition, probiotics can regulate the balance of gut microbiota, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, and further reduce the production of odors. （2） Three recommended methods for adding compound probiotics to feed: 1 For automatic feed line farms, compound probiotic products can be directly added to the feed truck or feed tower. This method does not require stirring and will not significantly increase labor costs. Composite probiotics can reduce the odor, ammonia concentration, and fly density in aquaculture farms from the source, improve digestion and absorption rates, reduce feed consumption, promote growth, and enhance the overall health of animals.
2. Adding partially fermented feed to the feed. For pig farms that adopt water feeding mode, partially fermented feed can be added to the feed. Microorganisms in fermented feed can decompose complex organic compounds in the feed in advance, improve the digestion and absorption rate of the feed, and thus reduce the production of odors. In addition, fermented feed can improve the taste and flavor of the feed, and increase animal feed intake.
3. Adding fermented Chinese herbs to feed. Fermented Chinese herbs combine the therapeutic effects of Chinese herbs with the fermentation effects of microorganisms, which can further enhance the health benefits of feed. Adding fermented herbs to feed can not only enhance animal immunity and reduce the occurrence of diseases, but also reduce the production of odors from the source. This method is particularly suitable for farms that require high feed quality.
In summary, by using microbial technology to quickly control the odor in aquaculture farms and adopting a source reduction plan of feed microbiology, the odor emissions in aquaculture farms can be effectively reduced, the breeding environment can be improved, the breeding efficiency can be enhanced, and the surrounding environment and residents' health can be protected.