Comprehensive popularization of pollution prevention and control in the livestock and poultry breeding industry, from pollution sources to green governance paths

As a pillar industry of China's agricultural and rural economy, livestock and poultry breeding not only ensures stable supply of agricultural products such as meat, eggs, and milk, but also promotes the development of rural industries. However, the environmental pollution caused by it is becoming increasingly prominent. With the increasing scale and intensification of aquaculture, pollutants such as manure, wastewater, and odors are discharged in a concentrated manner. Improper treatment can cause multiple damages to the soil, water, and atmospheric ecological environment, and also restrict the sustainable development of the industry.

1、 Current situation and core characteristics of pollution in livestock and poultry breeding

The pollution caused by livestock and poultry breeding in China presents significant characteristics of large production, wide distribution, high difficulty in treatment, and the need to improve resource utilization efficiency. Compared to industrial pollution, livestock and poultry breeding pollution belongs to agricultural non-point source pollution, with dual attributes of resource and pollution - untreated pollutants can damage the ecology, and after harmless treatment, they can be converted into high-quality Organic Fertilizers and clean energy, realizing the transformation of waste into treasure. At present, the core contradictions in industry pollution prevention and control are concentrated in the expansion of aquaculture scale and insufficient supporting environmental protection facilities, the balance between pollution treatment costs and aquaculture benefits, and the imperfect chain of resource utilization.

2、 Main Pollution Types and Hazards in Livestock and Poultry Farming

1. Direct discharge of aquaculture wastewater can lead to eutrophication of rivers and lakes, causing algae overgrowth, blackening and foul smelling water, and disrupting water ecological balance; The infiltration of pollutants into the ground can contaminate the groundwater, leading to excessive levels of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate in the groundwater, posing a threat to the safety of drinking water; Meanwhile, pathogenic microorganisms in water bodies can also spread diseases and increase the risk of zoonotic diseases.

2. Soil pollution: Long term indiscriminate stacking and unreasonable return of livestock manure and breeding wastewater to farmland can lead to the accumulation of heavy metals and antibiotic residues in the soil, damage the structure of soil microbial communities, cause soil compaction, salinization, and reduce soil fertility. Excessive accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in soil can further exacerbate water pollution through surface runoff and underground leaching, forming a vicious cycle of ecological pollution.

During the process of atmospheric pollution breeding, anaerobic decomposition of manure will release odorous gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and greenhouse gases, which will exacerbate atmospheric haze and greenhouse effect; At the same time, the scattering of dust and feed debris from breeding farms can also cause a decrease in the surrounding air quality, posing a threat to the respiratory health of livestock, poultry, and humans.

4. Solid Waste pollution mainly includes livestock and poultry manure, dead livestock and poultry, waste bedding, breeding packaging materials, etc. If dead livestock and poultry are not handled properly, they can carry a large number of pathogenic microorganisms, causing the spread of animal diseases; The indiscriminate stacking of feces and bedding materials not only occupies land resources, but also breeds mosquitoes and flies, spreads pathogens, and becomes an important source of pollution to the rural ecological environment.

3、 Scientific prevention and control methods for livestock and poultry breeding pollution

1. Source reduction and prevention measures. Optimize the layout of animal husbandry and strictly comply with the requirements for the delineation of prohibited, restricted, and suitable breeding areas for livestock and poultry breeding; Reasonable planning, construction, and site selection for large-scale breeding farms. Promote clean farming techniques, comprehensively promote dry manure cleaning techniques, and replace traditional farming methods; Adopting water-saving aquaculture equipment. Scientific feeding management, optimizing feed formula; Standardize the use of aquaculture drugs and strictly control the use of antibiotics and heavy metals.

2. Harmless treatment of the process. Solid liquid separation of manure, mechanical solid-liquid separation of aquaculture manure, separating solid manure and wastewater for treatment. Wastewater treatment, large-scale breeding farms are equipped with sedimentation tanks, anaerobic tanks, aerobic tanks, artificial wetlands and other sewage treatment facilities. Odor gas control, spraying biological deodorizers and physical adsorbents in enclosures and manure treatment areas; Optimize the storage method of manure and build supporting odor collection and treatment facilities. Strictly implement the harmless treatment system for dead and diseased livestock and poultry.

3. End of pipe resource utilization. Fecal composting fermentation involves adding straw, microbial agents, and other auxiliary materials to solid feces for aerobic composting fermentation, converting them into high-quality organic fertilizer. Biogas engineering utilizes anaerobic fermentation treatment of manure to produce biogas as a clean energy source and organic fertilizer, constructing a "breeding biogas planting" cycle model. Combining planting and breeding with ecological utilization, scientifically returning harmless treated manure and biogas slurry to the field to reduce pollutant emissions.

4. Long term regulatory control. Improve the environmental protection ledger, standardize the operation and management of environmental protection facilities, and ensure that pollutants can be traced throughout the process. Strengthen daily operation and maintenance, regularly maintain environmental treatment facilities; Strengthen environmental protection training for aquaculture personnel. Compliant and compliant emissions, strictly adhering to the "Pollutant Emission Standards for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry" to ensure that emissions meet standards after treatment.

4、 Development trend of industry pollution prevention and control

In the future, pollution prevention and control in livestock and poultry breeding will develop towards large-scale governance, intelligent control, and full chain resource utilization. Promote the transformation of livestock and poultry breeding from "extensive development" to "green ecology", and achieve coordinated progress between industrial development and ecological protection.

The prevention and control of pollution in livestock and poultry breeding is not only a mandatory requirement for ecological environmental protection, but also an inevitable choice for the high-quality development of the industry. Through full chain scientific control and resource recycling, we can effectively solve the problem of pollution, protect the rural ecological environment, improve the quality of agricultural products, reduce breeding costs, and promote the sustainable development of the livestock and poultry breeding industry.